⚛️📚 Class 12th Physics Syllabus – CBSE Board Session 2025–2026

(For Online Classes)

This syllabus is designed as per the latest CBSE guidelines and covers all chapters, topics, and subtopics in a structured, easy-to-follow manner. It ensures strong concept building for CBSE board exams and helps students prepare for entrance tests like JEE Main/Advanced, NEET, CUET, and other competitive exams.

🗂️ UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS

✅ UNIT I: Electrostatics

1. Electric Charges and Fields

   • Electric charges, conservation of charge

   • Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges

   • Electric field, field lines, electric flux

   • Gauss’s law and its applications

2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

   • Potential due to point charge, electric dipole, system of charges

   • Equipotential surfaces

   • Dielectrics and electric polarization

   • Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium

   • Energy stored in a capacitor, combination of capacitors

✅ UNIT II: Current Electricity

• Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor

• Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics

• Electrical resistivity and conductivity

• Temperature dependence of resistance

• Internal resistance of a cell, EMF, combination of cells

• Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications

• Wheatstone bridge and Meter bridge

• Potentiometer – principle and applications

✅ UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

1. Moving Charges and Magnetism

   • Concept of magnetic field, Biot–Savart law and its application

   • Ampere’s circuital law and its applications

   • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields

   • Cyclotron, force on a current-carrying conductor, torque on current loop

   • Moving coil galvanometer, conversion to ammeter and voltmeter

2. Magnetism and Matter

   • Bar magnet, magnetic field lines, earth’s magnetic field

   • Magnetic properties of materials – paramagnetic, diamagnetic, ferromagnetic

   • Hysteresis

   • Magnetic dipole moment, magnetic susceptibility and permeability

✅ UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

1. Electromagnetic Induction

   • Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, eddy currents

   • Self and mutual induction

2. Alternating Current

   • AC voltage applied to resistor, inductor, and capacitor (R, L, C)

   • Series LCR circuit, resonance

   • Power in AC circuits, wattless current

   • Transformer and its principles

✅ UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement current

• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays)

• Applications of EM waves

✅ UNIT VI: Optics

1. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

   • Reflection and refraction of light

   • Total internal reflection and its applications

   • Lens and mirror formulae, power of lens

   • Combination of lenses, magnification

   • Prism – dispersion and scattering of light

   • Optical instruments: microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting)

2. Wave Optics

   • Wavefront and Huygens’ principle

   • Interference of light, Young’s double-slit experiment

   • Diffraction due to a single slit

   • Polarization

✅ UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Photoelectric effect and its laws

• Einstein’s photoelectric equation

• Matter waves, de Broglie hypothesis

✅ UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

1. Atoms

   • Alpha particle scattering experiment

   • Rutherford and Bohr atomic models

   • Hydrogen spectrum

2. Nuclei

   • Composition and size of nucleus

   • Mass-energy relation, binding energy per nucleon

   • Radioactivity: alpha, beta, gamma decay

   • Nuclear fission and fusion

✅ UNIT IX: Semiconductor Electronics

• Energy bands in solids (conductors, insulators, semiconductors)

• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors

• PN junction diode – I-V characteristics

• Zener diode, LED, photodiode, solar cell

• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR)

✅ UNIT X: Communication Systems

• Elements of communication system (transmitter, channel, receiver)

• Need for modulation, amplitude modulation

• Bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium

📖 Focus Areas in Online Classes

✔️ NCERT textbook and exemplar exercises
✔️ Derivations, numericals, and concept-based MCQs
✔️ Assertion-reason and case study-based questions
✔️ Practical-based questions & virtual experiment explanations
✔️ Chapter tests, PYQs, sample papers, and full-length mock tests
✔️ Formula sheets, mind maps, and revision notes
✔️ Doubt-solving sessions and performance tracking

🎯 Outcome

✨ Build strong conceptual understanding
✨ Master derivations, graphs, and numericals
✨ Improve answer presentation as per CBSE marking scheme
✨ Score 95+ marks and be ready for competitive entrance exams!

📚 This Class 12th Physics Online Syllabus (CBSE Board Session 2025–2026) ensures you have everything you need — from theory to applications — for confident, high-scoring exam preparation.