🧬🌿 Class 12th Biology Syllabus – CBSE Board Session 2025–2026
(For Online Classes)
This syllabus follows the latest CBSE curriculum and covers all the theory topics, key diagrams, and practicals needed to ace your board exam and build a strong foundation for NEET, CUET, and other life science entrance exams.
🗂️ UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS
✅ Unit I: Reproduction
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
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Asexual vs sexual reproduction
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Life span and phases
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Modes of reproduction (binary fission, budding, spore formation, fragmentation, vegetative propagation)
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
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Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes
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Pollination – types, agents, outbreeding devices
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Double fertilization
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Seed and fruit development
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Apomixis and polyembryony
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
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Male and female reproductive systems
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Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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Menstrual cycle
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Fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, and embryonic development
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Parturition and lactation
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
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Problems and strategies
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Birth control methods
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Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
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Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies (ART): IVF, ZIFT, GIFT
✅ Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
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Mendel’s laws of inheritance
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Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy
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Chromosome theory of inheritance
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Linkage and crossing over
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Sex determination in humans, birds, and honey bees
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Mutation and genetic disorders (e.g., Down’s, Turner’s, Klinefelter’s syndromes)
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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DNA: structure, replication, types of RNA
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Central dogma and genetic code
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Transcription, translation
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Regulation of gene expression: lac operon
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Human Genome Project
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DNA fingerprinting
Chapter 7: Evolution
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Origin of life theories
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Evolution of life forms (Lamarckism, Darwinism, Modern Synthetic Theory)
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle, genetic drift
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Speciation
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Adaptive radiation, evolution of man
✅ Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease
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Common diseases: Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, Malaria, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis, Filariasis
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Immunity: Innate & acquired immunity
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Vaccination, allergies, autoimmunity, AIDS
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Cancer
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Drugs and alcohol abuse
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
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Animal husbandry: Dairy & poultry farming, apiculture
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Plant breeding: Steps, biofortification
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Single Cell Proteins (SCP)
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Tissue culture & micropropagation
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
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Microbes in household products (curd, cheese, bread, beverages)
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Microbes in industrial production (antibiotics, enzymes, bioactive molecules)
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Microbes in sewage treatment, biogas production
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Biocontrol agents and biofertilizers
✅ Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
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Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
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Restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, steps in recombinant DNA technology
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications
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Applications in agriculture: GM crops (Bt cotton), pest resistant plants
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Applications in medicine: Gene therapy, molecular diagnosis (PCR, ELISA)
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Transgenic animals
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Ethical issues: Biopiracy, biosafety concerns
✅ Unit V: Ecology and Environment
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
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Ecology: Organism and environment interactions
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Population: Attributes, growth models, population interactions (predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism)
Chapter 14: Ecosystem
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Structure and function: Energy flow, food chains, food webs
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Ecological pyramids
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Ecological succession
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Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorus cycles)
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Ecosystem services
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
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Levels, patterns, importance of biodiversity
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Loss of biodiversity, endangered species
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In-situ and ex-situ conservation methods
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
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Air pollution and its control
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Water pollution and its control
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Solid waste management
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Agrochemicals and their effects
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Radioactive waste, greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone depletion
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Deforestation and reforestation
🔬 Prescribed Practicals & Viva Topics
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Study of plant and animal specimens
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Slide preparation (pollen germination, mitosis)
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Morphology and permanent slides
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Experiments based on pH, enzymes, osmosis
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Spotting and identification questions for viva
📖 Key Learning Aids in Online Classes
✔️ Detailed NCERT explanation and exemplar practice
✔️ Labeled diagrams and flowcharts for easy retention
✔️ Assertion-reason, MCQs & case study practice
✔️ Previous year board question discussion
✔️ Revision notes, summary sheets, and mind maps
✔️ CBSE practicals and viva preparation
✔️ Doubt-solving sessions and mock tests
🎯 Outcome
✨ Develop conceptual understanding and diagram accuracy
✨ Practice NCERT line-by-line for full marks
✨ Write structured answers as per CBSE marking scheme
✨ Be fully prepared for NEET-level basics
📚 This Class 12th Biology Online Syllabus (CBSE Board Session 2025–2026) ensures you have everything you need — theory, practice, diagrams, and practicals — to score 95+ and build a strong foundation for your future goals!